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The River Niger: geography, uses, and environmental challenges

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  The River Niger: An Overview of Its Geography and Significance The River Niger is one of the most important river systems in Africa and a major physical feature of West Africa. It is the third longest river on the continent, with a length of about 4,180 kilometers. The river provides water, food, transport routes, and economic opportunities to millions of people living within its basin. The River Niger rises in the Fouta Djallon Highlands of Guinea, where rainfall feeds small streams that join to form the river’s source. From Guinea, the river flows northeast into Mali. In Mali, it spreads out to form the Inland Delta, a wide floodplain that supports farming, fishing, and livestock rearing. This region is one of the most productive ecological zones in the Sahel because seasonal flooding enriches the soil with nutrients. After leaving Mali, the River Niger flows eastward into the Republic of Niger. Here, it passes through the capital city, Niamey, and serves as a major source of f...
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THE ENVIRONMENTALIST ORGANISATION

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  🌍 About the Environmentalist Organisation The Environmentalist Organisation is a professional body dedicated to promoting environmental sustainability through education, research, and innovation. We provide high-quality environmental services by publishing credible academic articles and resources that address pressing global challenges such as climate change, waste management, hydrological processes, and the use of GIS and Remote Sensing in environmental monitoring and   decision-making. Our Goal  to advance environmental knowledge and promote sustainable solutions by sharing reliable, research-based information. Through the publishing of academic articles and scientific insights, we aim to foster awareness, support adaptation to climate change, and encourage the responsible management of natural resources. The organisation serves as a bridge between environmental science, policy, and practical action, empowering communities and professionals to make informed deci...
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Spatial patterns of aridity and vegetation in West Africa

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      Source: Sanusi, A. (2026) The map presents West Africa with clear contrasts in relief, vegetation cover, and climatic zones. Two major ecological belts dominate the region; a humid vegetated zone along the southern coast and a semi-arid to arid zone toward the north. These belts broadly follow a south-north gradient controlled by rainfall, temperature, and distance from the Atlantic Ocean. Regional spatial pattern Southern West Africa, especially the coastal and forest belt, is shown in green. This zone extends from Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea through Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, and southern Nigeria. It reflects high rainfall, dense forests, wetlands, and productive agricultural land. In contrast, the northern part of the region transitions into yellow and light brown tones, indicating semi-arid conditions. This Sahelian belt stretches from Mauritania and Mali through Burkina Faso and Niger, with limited vegeta...
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PREDICTION AND PROJECTION OF MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE DYNAMICS ACROSS CONTINENTS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR GHANA UNDER SSP5-8.5 2081-2100

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  Read full article: 1. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26786.49608 Abstract Understanding future temperature patterns is central to global climate research and national adaptation planning. This study examines projected global maximum temperatures for the late twenty-first century 2081-2100, focusing on the months of June and December, two periods representing opposite seasons across hemispheres. Using gridded climate projections from the WorldClim CMIP6 dataset, the analysis applies geographic information system (GIS) techniques within QGIS to visualise and interpret spatial differences in projected warming. The dataset was derived from the SSP5-8.5 scenario, a high-emissions pathway associated with strong warming, using the ACCESS-CM2 global climate model at a spatial resolution of 10 minutes. The five maps constructed from the GeoTIFF files reveal distinct seasonal patterns, with June showing extreme heat across the Northern Hemisphere especially Africa, Asia, and parts of Nort...
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ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL FLOOD VULNERABILITY USING RASTER-BASED MODELLING IN QGIS UNDER SEA LEVEL RISE AND STORM SURGE SCENARIOS: A CASE STUDY OF KETA MUNICIPAL DISTRICT, GHANA

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  Read full article:  https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12170.32965 Abstract Coastal flooding is a major threat to low-lying areas, especially in delta regions and lagoons. This study uses a raster-based flood simulation method in QGIS to evaluate potential flooding patterns due to rising sea levels and storm surges, specifically looking at a 3 m storm surge scenario. The research focuses on the Keta Municipal District and its immediate coastal communities, which are highly vulnerable to flooding because of their low elevation and closeness to the coast. Raster analysis techniques were employed to simulate flood extents for sea level rises of 4 m, 5 m, and 6 m. Boolean raster operations and map algebra were used in mapping inundated areas for each scenario. To make the simulation realistic, 3 m storm surge was run in conjunction with the three sea level rise scenarios ; 4 m, 5 m and 6 m to reflect extreme coastal flood rather than just gradual sea level rise. The results show a ...
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SPATIAL AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN PROJECTED GLOBAL TEMPERATURES UNDER SSP5-8.5 (2081-2100)

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  SPATIAL AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN PROJECTED GLOBAL TEMPERATURES UNDER SSP5-8.5 (2081-2100)   The maps above show projected global maximum temperatures for June and December in the late 21st  century period from 2081 to 2100. It uses downscaled CMIP6 climate simulations from WorldClim  at a ten minute  spatial resolution in GeoTIFF  format under the high emissions of Shared Socioeconomic Pathway SSP5-8.5. The maps show strong warming patterns that vary across continents and seasons. Many areas, especially in subtropics and mid latitudes, will face extreme  high temperatures . June conditions turn particularly intense in the Northern Hemisphere. December projections also  indicate  notable warming with clear contrasts between hemispheres. These patterns show how seasonality and land ocean dynamics influence future warming.    Map 1 June Maximum Temperatures    The June map displays pronounced warming over  a...
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Landscape evolution and glacial imprints in the Grindelwald Canyon Region, Switzerland.

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The image shows a high-resolution satellite view of the alpine landscape around Glacier Canyon in Grindelwald, Switzerland. The scene is rendered in grayscale, which makes the contrast between slopes, ridges, and valleys very clear. Steep mountain faces appear as darker, shadowed zones, while elevated ridgelines and open snow-covered surfaces appear lighter. The pattern of branching valleys indicates a long history of glacial carving. The terrain is deeply incised, with narrow troughs widening into broader basins, suggesting the typical U-shaped forms left by moving ice.     Source: Sanusi, A. (2025) From a historical perspective, the Grindelwald region is one of the most documented glacial areas in the Alps. During the Little Ice Age, roughly between the fourteenth and nineteenth centuries, the local glaciers expanded significantly. The Lower and Upper Grindelwald Glaciers once reached far down the valley, even threatening settlements. Artists and early scientists recorded t...
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